Solid Earth
Three simulations cover the solid Earth — from the slow creep of mantle rock over geological time to the violent rupture of a fault in seconds.
Seismic Wave Propagation
P-waves and S-waves through a layered crust model. Snell's law at each boundary — reflection, refraction, mode conversion. Seismograph output at configurable station distances.
Mantle Convection
Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a high-viscosity fluid heated from below. Plume rise, downwelling slabs, and the thermal boundary layer — a simplified 2D model of plate drive.
Atmosphere & Climate
Four simulations span weather formation, large-scale circulation and long-term climate feedbacks.
Atmosphere Layers
Temperature, pressure and density profiles from sea level to 100 km. Interactive balloon ascent — adjust payload mass and volume and watch buoyancy vs weight balance change with altitude.
Tornado Formation
Mesocyclone development from wind shear — visualise the tilting of horizontal vorticity into the vertical by a supercell updraft. Enhanced Fujita scale wind speed mapping.
Cloud Formation
Moist adiabatic lapse rate, lifting condensation level, cloud type classification. Adjust surface temperature, dewpoint and lifting mechanism (orographic, convective, frontal).
Cyclone & Coriolis
Pressure gradient force, Coriolis deflection and geostrophic balance. Northern vs Southern hemisphere rotation direction, Hadley/Ferrel/Polar cell visualisation.
Cryosphere & Ocean
Polar Ice Dynamics
Ice-sheet mass balance — accumulation vs ablation zones, grounding line stability, marine ice sheet instability. Albedo feedback: ice reflects 0.9 of solar radiation; open ocean reflects 0.06.
Ocean Depth Zones
Light attenuation, pressure, temperature and salinity profiles from the epipelagic to the hadal zone. Bioluminescence patterns and deep-sea organism adaptations.
Data sources. The seismic simulation uses the IASP91 reference Earth model for P and S wave velocities. Atmospheric profiles follow the ISO 2533 standard atmosphere. Polar ice parameters are derived from NSIDC sea-ice extent records. All data is baked into the simulation at build time — no external API calls, works fully offline.