Permafrost Freeze-Thaw Simulator

🧊 Permafrost

Mean annual air temp: −8°C Summer peak temp: 10°C Thermal conductivity k: 1.5 W/mK Latent heat λ: 300 MJ/m³ Initial permafrost depth: 20 m

Active layer depth—

Max thaw depth Z—

Permafrost table—

Day of year—

Stefan Equation
Z = √(2k·DDT / (λ·ρ))

DDT = degree-day thawing index. Active layer thaws in summer, refreezes in winter. Warming climate = deeper active layer.