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Geology & Earth Science

Seismic wave propagation, plate tectonics, hydraulic erosion and deep mantle convection — explore the dynamic processes that shape our planet.

8 simulations Three.js · Canvas 2D Uses Wave Equation, FDM, Perlin Noise

Geology Simulations

Open a simulation — it runs right in your browser, no installation needed

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Popular ★★☆ Moderate
Seismic Waves
Earthquake wave propagation through layered rock. Watch P-waves and S-waves reflect and refract across density boundaries. Place the epicentre, adjust layer depths and materials.
Canvas 2D Wave Equation Geophysics
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New ★★☆ Moderate
Tectonic Plates
3D tectonic plate simulation with divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. Watch continental drift, subduction zones, and mid-ocean ridge formation.
Three.js 3D Plate Tectonics
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★★☆ Moderate
Procedural Terrain
Perlin noise terrain with hydraulic erosion and biome assignment. Adjust octaves, lacunarity, and erosion strength to sculpt mountains, valleys, and coastlines.
Three.js Perlin Erosion
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★★★ Advanced
Terrain Generator
Fractal Brownian motion landscape with real-time hydraulic erosion. 3D rendering with lighting and shadows. Export heightmaps for game engines.
Three.js fBm Hydraulic Erosion
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New ★★☆ Moderate
Mantle Convection
Rayleigh-Bénard thermal convection in the Earth's mantle. Watch plume formation, convection cells, and the coupling between internal heat and surface motion.
Canvas 2D Rayleigh-Bénard Geodynamics
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★☆☆ Beginner
Carbon Cycle
Box model of the global carbon cycle. Track carbon exchange among atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, and lithosphere. Perturb emissions and watch the system respond.
Canvas 2D Box Model Climate
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★★☆ Moderate
Ocean Waves
3D ocean waves with Gerstner wave model. Adjust amplitude, wavelength, and wind direction. Observe wave superposition and deep-water wave behaviour.
Three.js Gerstner GLSL
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New ★★☆ Intermediate
Volcanic Eruption Simulator
Particle-based eruption column, magma chamber cross-section and lava flows. Control magma viscosity, gas content and pressure build rate. VEI scale updates in real time.
Canvas 2D Particles Volcanology
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★★☆ Moderate New
Plate Tectonics
Six boundary scenarios: divergent ridges, ocean-ocean and ocean-continent subduction, continental collision, transform faults and hotspot chains with real-time earthquakes and mountain growth.
Canvas 2D Subduction Earthquakes
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New ★★☆ Moderate
Seismic Wave Propagation
Visualise P-wave and S-wave ray paths through Earth's crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. Explore Snell's law refraction at layer boundaries, the P-wave shadow zone (103°–142°), and a synthetic seismogram at the selected station.
P-wave / S-wave Snell's Law Shadow Zone
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New ★★★ Advanced
Glacier Dynamics
Simulate alpine glacier advance and retreat with Glen's shallow-ice flow law. Adjust temperature anomaly and snowfall to watch the equilibrium line rise or fall and moraine deposits form.
Glen's Law Mass Balance ELA Climate

About Geology & Earth Science Simulations

From seismic waves to mantle plumes — the physics of our dynamic planet

Geology and Earth science simulations model the physical processes that reshape our planet across time scales from seconds (seismic waves) to millions of years (tectonic drift). These interactive tools make continental-scale phenomena accessible through real-time computation in your browser.

Seismic wave propagation uses finite-difference methods on a 2D grid, showing how P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves behave differently in layered rock. The terrain generators apply hydraulic erosion algorithms — simulating how water carves valleys and deposits sediment, producing landscapes indistinguishable from satellite imagery.

Mantle convection demonstrates Rayleigh-Bénard instability — the same thermal convection that drives tectonic plates in reality. The carbon cycle model tracks carbon exchange among atmosphere, ocean, biosphere, and lithosphere, showing how perturbations cascade through a coupled Earth system.

Key Concepts

Topics and algorithms you'll explore in this category

Seismic WavesP, S, and surface waves propagating through layered media
Plate TectonicsDivergent, convergent, and transform boundaries in 3D
Hydraulic ErosionWater flow carves terrain following steepest gradient
Rayleigh-BénardThermal convection cells driven by bottom heating
Carbon CycleCarbon exchange between atmosphere, ocean, and biosphere
Perlin NoiseCoherent noise for procedural landscape generation

Frequently Asked Questions

Common questions about this simulation category

How are seismic waves simulated?
The simulation solves the 2D wave equation using a finite-difference method on a grid. Different material properties (density, elasticity) in each layer produce P-wave and S-wave velocities, reflection, and refraction at boundaries — matching real seismological observations.
What makes terrain erosion realistic?
The hydraulic erosion algorithm simulates rain droplets that pick up sediment as they flow downhill, deposit it in valleys, and carve channels. Combined with fractal noise for base elevation, the resulting landscapes show river networks, ridges, and alluvial fans that closely resemble real topography.
How does mantle convection drive tectonic plates?
The mantle convection simulation models a fluid heated from below (Earth's core) and cooled from above (surface). Rayleigh-Bénard instability creates convection cells whose rising and sinking currents drag surface material — analogous to how mantle flow drives real tectonic plate motion.

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