🌿 Trophic Cascade

Plant growth rate (r): 0.80 Herbivore predation (a): 0.05 Herbivore mortality (mH): 0.15 Carnivore predation (b): 0.04 Carnivore mortality (mC): 0.20

Plants (equilibrium)—

Herbivores (eq.)—

Carnivores (eq.)—

Cycle period (yr)—

Apex removed?No

3-Level Lotka-Volterra
dP/dt = rP·P − a·P·H
dH/dt = eₕ·a·P·H − mₕ·H − b·H·C
dC/dt = eᶜ·b·H·C − mᶜ·C
Removing carnivores → herbivore explosion → plant collapse (trophic cascade).